SALARSNET · COIN HISTORIES

Theodosius II Small Bronze Coins: History, Cross Types and Story

Theodosius II became Augustus in AD 402, succeeded Arcadius in the east in 408, and died in 450. Documented small bronzes include diademed portraits and cross-in-wreath types. A precise coin attribution still depends on surviving legends, mint evidence and the whole design.

Coin facts at a glance

Authority
Theodosius II; Eastern Roman Empire
Imperial chronology
Augustus from AD 402; succeeded Arcadius in AD 408; died in AD 450
Coin comparisons
Small bronze / copper-alloy types
Documented reverse comparison
Cross within wreath; individual designs and mints require attribution
Theodosian Code
Published AD 438

History of the coin

Why 402 and 408 both appear in his chronology

Theodosius II was raised to the rank of Augustus in January AD 402 while his father Arcadius was still emperor. After Arcadius died in 408, he succeeded him as ruler in the east. The reign ended with Theodosius’s death in 450. The supplier’s AD 402–450 range and a historical account headed AD 408–450 therefore describe different starting points, not necessarily different people.

This is Theodosius II, the son of Arcadius, rather than Theodosius I, who ruled in the previous century. Neither a broad reign range nor a familiar imperial name supplies the striking year or travels of a particular coin.

References: Geoffrey S. Nathan: Theodosius II, De Imperatoribus Romanis; ECC: exact Theodosius II NGC VF offering.

Small bronze, portrait, wreath and cross

The American Numismatic Society’s OCRE entry for RIC X Theodosius II (East) 445 catalogs a bronze AE3–4 type from Constantinople dated AD 425–435. It pairs a pearl-diademed imperial bust with a cross within a wreath. The British Museum records a copper-alloy nummus with comparable cross-and-wreath imagery from Alexandria in the same date range.

These are institutional comparisons, not identifications of the coin in this offering. A Sardis excavation record describes a worn small bronze as Theodosius II or Valentinian III, showing how missing portrait and legend detail can leave an attribution uncertain. Compare the surviving inscription and mint evidence as well as the reverse. The supplier’s broad description of varying reverses does not guarantee the specific cross type.

References: American Numismatic Society OCRE: RIC X Theodosius II (East) 445; British Museum: Theodosius II nummus, 1995,0201.83; Sardis Expedition: late Roman bronze, M13 963.0045; ECC: exact Theodosius II NGC VF offering.

Written law and the city behind the portrait

The Theodosian Code was published in AD 438, collecting imperial legislation under Theodosius II. His reign also saw major defensive construction at Constantinople: the circuit completed in 413 was overseen by the praetorian prefect Anthemius. An emperor’s name attached to a code or wall does not mean he performed every part of the work himself.

The story below uses the capital’s waterside world as an imagined setting. Its boat, passenger, weather, landing places and particular coin are fictional. The history of a ruler and city gives context; it does not document an individual coin’s owners, purchases or recovery site.

References: Geoffrey S. Nathan: Theodosius II, De Imperatoribus Romanis.

Historical fiction inspired by this coin type

These stories imagine people and events around the coin type. They are separate from the documented history and do not describe the provenance of an offered specimen.

The Far Landing

5 minute read · 1069 words

Original historical fiction in an imagined waterside neighborhood outside Constantinople in AD 430. Demetrios, Anysia, the sisters, neighbor, boat, weather, landing places and particular coins are invented; this is not the provenance of a supplied coin.

Anysia asked whether Demetrios had ever landed at the stone steps opposite. He said yes before remembering that his father had always been holding the steering oar.

“The lower steps,” she said. “My sister will be waiting.”

“I know them.”

She put a covered basket in the boat. It was heavy enough to make him wonder what she had left unsaid. Then she stepped down, holding the gunwale as though she knew exactly how little help he had given her.

His father was away fetching timber. This was Demetrios’s first afternoon taking passengers alone on the water outside Constantinople. He had spent most of it watching people choose another boat. Anysia had chosen his because the other boatman was eating and had declined to be hurried.

“Will it stay dry?” she asked, pointing at the basket.

“Unless it rains.”

She looked at the pale sky, then at him. “It is meant for a feast.”

He promised it would stay dry. He had now made two promises before casting off.

At first the crossing was easy. Anysia sat with her basket between her feet. Demetrios watched the opposite shore approach and felt his shoulders loosen. He could make out a man standing above the steps. He hoped it was the sister’s husband, somebody who would carry the basket and pay without asking who owned the boat.

Then the wind began pressing them sideways.

Demetrios corrected with the steering oar. The man above the steps lifted an arm. Demetrios lifted his in answer and immediately wished he had kept both hands where they were.

The landing lay between stone edges. From the bank it looked generous. From the boat, moving across it faster than he wanted, it looked like a gap in somebody’s teeth.

Anysia turned. “You’re taking us past.”

“I’m coming round.”

He pulled hard. The boat answered late. Water struck the side and came in over the lower board, wetting his sandal and the bottom of the basket.

Anysia lifted the basket onto her knees. “Don’t go straight at the stones.”

“I’m not.”

He was. He could see the steps and the waiting man, and he could see his father standing there tomorrow, listening to how the boy had been frightened by a little wind. He turned again, too sharply. The basket slid against Anysia’s shoulder. She caught it, but one corner of the covering folded back. Inside were small loaves, neatly shaped and already beginning to darken where water had reached them.

The man on the bank shouted something. The wind took the words.

“Was he telling you to stop?” Anysia asked.

“I couldn’t hear.”

“Then don’t pretend he told you to come closer.”

Demetrios let the boat move beyond the landing. The steps slipped behind them. He felt as though he had just abandoned a passenger who was still sitting in front of him.

Farther along the shore there was a lower place where boats were sometimes drawn up. His father had shown it to him while arguing about a broken pot that somebody had left in the mud. There was no proper step, no waiting husband. There was room.

“We’ll land there,” he said.

“My sister is back there.”

“I know.”

“She can’t walk easily.”

He looked at her. She had not mentioned that when asking for the crossing. She had expected him to deliver her to the place she named.

“Can you row?” he asked.

“A little.”

He passed her an oar. The basket had to go between her feet again. She watched him move his own oar, then tried to follow. Her first stroke splashed him. Her second stayed in the water too long.

“Shorter,” he said. “Like this.”

They worked badly together until he began calling when to pull. Even then the boat wandered. Anysia was breathing hard. He wanted to tell her they were nearly there, but the place was plainly visible and not nearly close enough.

When they reached the shallows, Demetrios stepped out. The mud took his feet. He held the boat while Anysia passed him the basket, then offered his arm. She used it without forgiving him.

Demetrios dragged the bow clear of the water before he let go. His father could complain about mud on the boards. He could not complain about a boat left to float away.

They stood on the bank beside their dripping boat. Above the stone steps, the waiting man had begun walking toward them.

“I’ll carry this,” Demetrios said.

“You should.”

Anysia wrung the edge of her dress. The loaves at the top were dry. Those beneath would not be placed on a feast table without explanation. Demetrios thought of the coins she had agreed to pay. He thought of giving them back, then remembered she had not paid him yet.

The man reached them. He was Anysia’s sister’s neighbor, sent because she could not manage the steps herself. He looked into the basket and pressed one of the damp loaves with his thumb.

“She’s been watching from the window,” he said.

Anysia turned sharply toward the houses.

“Go,” Demetrios told her. “I’ll bring it.”

He carried the basket along the shore while the neighbor walked behind him, pointing out holes in the path. By the time they reached the house his arms were trembling. A woman sat beside the open window. She had a cloth over her knees and was holding it as tightly as Demetrios had held the steering oar.

“You came,” she said to Anysia.

Anysia went straight to her. The neighbor took the basket from Demetrios. For a moment nobody wanted an explanation of the bread.

Later, Anysia found him outside. She put several small bronzes in his wet palm. On one he could still make out Theodosius’s portrait.

“We agreed more,” he said.

“You delivered less.”

He closed his hand. That was fair, but he had hoped she would say he had done well in the end.

“My father usually brings the boat in.”

“Then say that next time.”

He looked toward the water. The boat was where he had left it, with a long walk still between them.

“Will your sister be all right?”

“She will be annoyed about the bread. Then she will eat it.”

Anysia went inside. Demetrios walked back with the neighbor, who wanted to show him the hole that had broken his own basket. This time Demetrios listened before putting his foot down.

Documented and imagined

Theodosius II’s chronology, Constantinople and surviving small bronze portraits are documented. This crossing, the feast, reduced fee, walking route, characters and all dialogue are invented. No actual navigational route, ancient fare schedule, recorded accident or connection to an offered specimen is asserted.

Historical references and product evidence

  1. Geoffrey S. Nathan: Theodosius II, De Imperatoribus Romanis ↗

    Scholarly account checked for the 402 elevation, 408 succession, 450 death, 438 Code and Anthemius’s 413 defensive circuit. Broad assessments of court influence are not converted into coin-specific claims.

  2. American Numismatic Society OCRE: RIC X Theodosius II (East) 445 ↗

    Full catalog page checked in the browser: Constantinople bronze AE3–4, AD 425–435, diademed portrait, cross within wreath and sample specimens. Its mint, catalog number and measurements are not offered-product promises.

  3. British Museum: Theodosius II nummus, 1995,0201.83 ↗

    Institutional indexed record for an Alexandria copper-alloy nummus with cross within wreath, AD 425–435. Direct page retrieval was unavailable; sample weight, diameter and mint do not describe the offered coin.

  4. Sardis Expedition: late Roman bronze, M13 963.0045 ↗

    Institutional indexed archaeological record explicitly retains uncertainty between Theodosius II and Valentinian III on an illegible small bronze. Direct retrieval was unavailable. Its excavation context is not a findspot claimed for the supplied coin.

  5. ECC: exact Theodosius II NGC VF offering ↗

    Exact public supplier page checked in the browser October 5: order code, bronze, NGC/VF designation, approximate 11–16 mm range, representative images and Out of stock. Current Salars price and availability belong to the live options; package weight is not coin weight.

  6. NGC: guarantee for ancient-coin grading ↗

    Grade-guarantee terms are distinct from opinions on authenticity and attribution. No new certification or grading opinion is supplied here.

Sources distinguish institutional and independent type research from supplier evidence about a particular offering. Research dates do not establish current inventory.